In which burn injury is the risk of compartment syndrome increased?

The risk of compartment syndrome is particularly increased in circumferential burns that constrict blood flow to extremities. Circumferential burns occur when the burn surrounds a limb or trunk, creating a tourniquet effect. This can lead to increased pressure within the muscle compartments due to swelling and edema that follows the injury. The tough fascia surrounding the muscles does not expand, and as the compartment pressure rises, it can compromise blood flow and nerve function, leading to ischemia, tissue damage, and potentially permanent loss of function if not addressed promptly.

In contrast, superficial burns generally do not penetrate beyond the epidermis and typically do not lead to significant swelling or pressure changes that would cause compartment syndrome. Deep partial-thickness burns can cause significant damage and swelling, but they do not have the same constrictive effect as circumferential burns. Electrical burns can result in deep tissue injury and damage, but the compartment syndrome risk specifically correlates with the form of the burn that encircles an extremity and limits blood flow.