What is a major consequence of low surfactant levels in the lungs?

Low levels of surfactant in the lungs result in impaired gas exchange. Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. When surfactant levels are low, the alveoli can collapse, making it difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be expelled. This reduced functionality leads to inadequate oxygenation of the blood and decreased removal of carbon dioxide, ultimately affecting overall respiratory efficiency.

Additionally, low surfactant levels contribute to atelectasis (alveolar collapse), which can further exacerbate the difficulty in maintaining appropriate gas exchange. As a result, patients may experience increased work of breathing and may require supplemental oxygen or even mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate pulmonary function.