Which of the following constitutes a quaternary blast injury?

A quaternary blast injury encompasses injuries resulting from the overall effects of an explosion that do not fall into the primary, secondary, or tertiary categories. In this context, the correct designation includes both burn and crush injuries. These types of injuries occur when a person is affected by the blast wave indirectly, experiencing consequences due to the explosion's environment or resulting debris, rather than being directly impacted by the blast itself.

Burn injuries can happen from the intense heat produced by the explosion, while crush injuries may occur from structural collapse or falling debris, which are common in explosive events. This classification highlights the complex nature of blast injuries, where victims can sustain multiple types of harm, particularly in chaotic situations where explosions lead to fires and structural failures.

In contrast, direct impact injuries are categorized as secondary injuries resulting from flying debris or projectiles. Smoke inhalation is primarily associated with the fire element of an explosion but is not classified as a direct result of the blast itself. Panic-induced injuries refer to injuries gained from the chaotic environment an explosion creates but are not due to physical impact or exposure as classified under quaternary injuries. Therefore, combining burn and crush injuries fits the broader definition of quaternary blast injuries.